Resources

Bailey, Liberty Hyde and Bailey, Ethel Zoe and New York State College of Agriculture and Life Sciences. 1976. Hortus Third: A Concise Dictionary of Plants Cultivated in the United States and Canada. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company.

Boland, Todd. 2011. Trees and Shrubs, Newfoundland and Labrador. Portugal Cove-St. Philip’s, NL: Boulder Publications.

Boland, Todd. 2012. Trees and Shrubs of the Maritimes. Portugal Cove-St. Philip’s, NL: Boulder Publications.

Boland, Todd. 2015. Wildflowers of New Brunswick. Portugal Cove-St. Philip’s, NL: Boulder Publications.

Campbell, Christopher S. and Hyland, Fay (botanists) and Campbell, Mary L.F. (illustrator). 1975. Winter Keys to Woody Plants of Maine (Rev. ed.). Orono, ME: University of Maine Press.

Chadde, Steve W. 2019. Northeast Ferns: A Field Guide to the Ferns and Fern Relatives of the Northeastern United States. Orchard Innovations.

Clemants, Steven E. 1992. Chenopodiaceae and Amaranthaceae of New York State. Bulletin No. 485, New York State Museum. Albany, NY: University of the State of New York.

Cobb, Boughton, Farnsworth, Elizabeth and Lowe, Cheryl for the New England Wild Flower Society. 2005. A Field Guide to Ferns and Their Related Families: Northeastern and Central North America (2nd ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin.

Cody, William J. and Britton, Donald M. 1989. Ferns and Fern Allies of Canada. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada Publication 1829/E

Crow, Garrett E. and Hellquist, C. Barre. 2000. Aquatic and  Wetland Plants of Northeastern North America: a Revised and Englarged Edition of Norman C. Fassett’s A Manual of Aquatic Plants. Volume 1 and II. Madison, WI: The University of Wisconsin Press.

Elliman, Ted & New England Wild Flower Society. 2016. Wildflowers of New England. Portland, OR: Timber Press.

Farrar, John Laird. 1995. Trees of Canada. Markham, ON: Fitzhenry & Whiteside.

Fernald, Merritt Lyndon. 1950. Gray’s Manual of Botany: A handbook of the flowering plants and ferns of the central and northeastern United States and adjacent Canada (8th (centennial) ed.). Portland, Oregon: Dioscorides Press.

Gleason, Henry A. and Cronquist, Arthur. 1991. Manual of Vascular Plants of Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada (2nd ed.). Bronx, NY: The New York Botanical Garden.

Haines, Arthur. Illustrated by Elizabeth Farnsworth and Gordon Morrison. 2011. New England Wild FLower Society’s Flora Novae Angliae: A Manual for the Identification of Native and Naturalized Higher Vascular Plants of New England. New Haven, CT: New England Wildflower Society and Yale University Press.

Harlow, William M. 1941. Fruit Key and Twig Key to Trees and Shrubs. New York: Dover Publications.

Hinds, Harold R. 2000. Flora of New Brunswick (2nd ed.). Fredericton, NB: Robinson & Greenwood.

Hinds, Harold R. 1983. The Rare Vascular Plants of New Brunswick. Fredericton, NB: Connell Memorial Herbarium.

Judd, Walter S., Campbell, Christopher S., Kellogg, Elizabeth A., Stevens, Peter E., and Donoghue, Michael J. 2002. Plant Systematics: A Phylogenetic Approach. Sunderland, MA: Sinaurer Associates, Inc.

Maine Forest Service, Department of Agriculture , Conservation and Forestry. 2008. Forest Trees of Maine (Centennial ed.).

Mersey Tobeatic Research Institute. 2011. Atlantic Coastal Plain Flora in Nova Scotia: Identification and Information Guide.

Moore, R.J. and C. Frankton. 1974. Illustrations by Ilgvars Steins. The Thistles of Canada. Canada Department of Agriculture: 10. Ottawa: Biosystematics Research Institute.

Moyle, John B. and Moyle, Evelyn W. 1977. Northland Wild Flowers: A Guide for the Minnesota Region. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.

Munden, Carl. 2021, 2001. Native Orchids of Nova Scotia: A Field Guide. Sydney, NS: Breton Books.

Palmer, David and Glynn, Tracy. 2019. The Great Trees of New Brunswick (2nd ed.). Fredericton, NB: Goose Lane Editions.

Patel, Nikisha R., Fawcett, Susan; and Gilman, Arthur V. 2019. Phegopteris excelsior (Thelypteridaceae): A New Species of North American Tetraploid Beech Fern, Novon 27: 211-218.

Scoggan, H. J. 1978. The Flora of Canada. Ottawa, ON: National Museums of Canada.

Semple, John C., Ringius, Gordon S., and Jie Jay Zhang. The Goldenrods of Ontario: Solidago L. and Euthamia Nutt. 3rd ed. University of Waterloo Biology Series: Number 39. Waterloo, ON: University of Waterloo, 1999.

Semple, John C., Heard, Stephen B., and Luc Brouillet. Cultivated and Native Asters of Ontario (Compositae: Astereae): Aster L., Callistephus Cass., Galatella Cass., Doellingeria Nees, Oclemena E.L. Greene, Eurybia (Cass.) S.F. Gray., Canadanthus Nesom, and Symphyotrichum Nees. University of Waterloo Biology Series: Number 41. Waterloo, ON: University of Waterloo, 2002.

Sibley, David Allen. 2009. The Sibley Guide to Trees. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.

Soper, James H. and Heimburger, Margaret L. 1982. Shrubs of Ontario. Toronto: The Royal Ontario Museum.

Voss, Edward G. and Reznicek, Anton A. 2012. Field Manual of Michigan Flora. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press.

Wherry, Edgar T. 1995. The Fern Guide: Northeastern and Midland United States and Adjacent Canada. New York: Dover Publications.

Williams, Michael D. 2017. Identifying Trees of the East: An All-season Guide to Eastern North America. Guildford, CT: Stackpole Books.

Wojtech, Michael. 2011. Bark: A Field Guide to Trees of the Northeast. Waltham, MA: Brandeis University Press.

Young, C. Mary. 2015. Nature’s Bounty: Four Centuries of Plant Exploration in New Brunswick. Fredericton, NB: UNB Libraries, University of New Brunswick.

Zinck, Marian. 1998. Roland’s Flora of Nova Scotia, Vol 1. NS: Nova Scotia Museum and Nimbus Publishing.

Zinck, Marian. 1998. Roland’s Flora of Nova Scotia, Vol 2. NS: Nova Scotia Museum and Nimbus Publishing.

Web Resources

Atlantic Canada Conservation Data Centre

Canadensys

Connell Memorial Herbarium, University of New Brunswick

E-flora BC: Electronic Atlas of the Flora of British Columbia, University of British Columbia.

Flora of Newfoundland and Labrador, Susan J. Meades and William J. Meades

Flora of North America, eFloras.org

Maine Natural Areas Program, Maine Department of Agriculture, Conservation & Forestry

Minnesota Wildflowers, Katy Chayka

Go Botany, Native Plant Society

Go Orchids, North American Orchid Conservation Center

Illinois Wildflowers, Hilty John.

Illustrated Flora of Prince Edward Island, Atlantic Canada Conservation Data Centre

Missouri Botanic Garden Plant Finder

Moonwort (Botrychium) Systematics, Ada Hayden Herbarium, Iowa State University

Rare Plants in Maine and Invasive Plants in Maine, Maine Natural Areas Program, Maine Department of Agriculture, Conservation & Forestry 

University of Waterloo Astereae Lab, John C. Semple

Personal Communication

Donald Farrar with Jim Goltz, 2023.

Art Gilman with Jim Goltz, 2023.